"We wanted to know what they do when they're digging,how they decide how to dig if there's no central leader,"Goldman said.
1 k5 Z6 A+ f% m* J% QGoldman說“我們想知道當他們在挖掘的時候做了什么，當沒有中央領導人的時候他們是怎么決定怎樣挖掘的”。 e f1 I" @8 S0 M( E+ I
For You:Racism Runs Deep,Even Against Robots
# X7 X* r+ D- Q+ j( D對你而言：種族注意深入人心，甚至對機器人
1 E4 o- L' {7 o% d' c) gTo find out,the team get 30 fire ants,put dots of different colors on their abdomens,placed them in a container of wet glass particles,and watched them dig.The team present its results in a recent issue of Science. j* n' b5 A. l+ P, P6 G# d& v2 d
為了找出答案，這個團隊捉了30只火蟻， 在他們的腹部畫上不同顏色的點，把它們放在有著濕玻璃顆粒的容器中，觀察他們挖掘。這個小組它研究結果刊登在最近的《科學》的問題中。
! a2 ^. }; W/ |- W' ^$ w0 D8 eThe ants didn't play tag team,work in alternating groups,or take turns in any other fashion.In fact,their strategy is quite simple:A handful of the ants did the work (about 30 percent)while the majority did nothing.
' v; E# E1 }2 }4 _& _4 K: W螞蟻沒有玩標簽團隊，工作在可交替的組中，以任何其他方式輪流。實際上，它們的策略相當簡單：少數螞蟻工作（大約百分之三十）然而多數螞蟻什么也不做。
* V6 I7 e8 O$ v7 `/ w"Very few were doing any of the labor,"Goldman said."Over 48 hours,with a group of thirty ants,half never came to the tunnel."" j# \+ w6 @( x7 n
“很少的螞蟻做任何工作”，Goldman說“超過48小時，一個30只螞蟻的團隊，半數沒有進隧道。”
, q# ^" _9 j ]7 f6 y* N1 d8 JWhen his team remove the five hardest working ants,five more stepped up to the plate to carry on the digging.+ L2 m" \/ X2 G- U v% e" ?+ G
當他的團隊移走了五個工作最努力的螞蟻，另外五只螞蟻爬到了平臺上繼續挖掘。. V9 K a: ?5 }+ p+ v! F6 Z, n l
The strategy of minority servitude served the ants so well that Goldman decided to try it on a group of robots.* v6 ]& b* T1 p; i3 a! H
少數奴役的策略為螞蟻很好的服務，于是Goldman決定在一組機器人上嘗試這個。+ S1 s2 J- `1 T
The robots,essentially oblong shells on wheels,resembled armadillos more than ants.Researchers placed them in a narrow channel with plastic valls on( ~) o- y% K1 P5 O- z7 ?. Q# P: x5 ^
one end that served as the soil.The robots would roll over to the balls with the intention of grabbing them,moving them,and relasing them with their. _0 s. N; T- P! I' Y& v% P
gator-like jaws.Push switches on their shells would alert them to the presense of their fellow workers.
) a2 p/ h6 ]9 L- }( w8 h這些機器人，事實上是輪子上帶有橢圓形的殼，類似犰狳而非螞蟻。研究者們吧它們放在一個狹窄的渠道里，渠道的一端是作為土壤的塑料球。機器人% @0 g/ ~) N! V7 @% k
將翻滾到到球上，通過使用鱷魚般的下巴有意的抓取他們，移動他們，釋放他們。打開它們殼上的開關將提醒他們同時的存在。5 C# U, O# g6 L* H
Researchers programmed the bots to follow one of the three strategies for removing the balls:"eager,""reversal,"and"lazy."8 l6 Y, b k! u# W/ |5 I% G
研究者們給機器人編程遵循三個策略的其中之一去移走球：“急忙，”“翻轉，”和“懶惰。”8 p# d b3 o! }2 @
Eager robots simply tried go to the dig site as much as possible without interference from their comrades,regardless of how many ; ^0 z5 n; ~* A1 ~0 ?
robots were already there.The strategy generated a traffic jams."when we applied a eager strategy,the robots would grind against
3 M. w; B+ O* u% j* Heach other and suffer a lot of breakage,"Goldman said.* `4 r3 Z4 U; L$ ]9 F
急忙的機器人不管來自同伴的干擾而只是嘗試去盡可能的挖掘地皮，不管已經有多少機器人在那兒了。這個策略形成了一次交通擁堵。
0 \9 j* A3 Z' VGoldman說："當我們應用急忙策略時，機器人會相互反制并且受到了很多破壞。"* H! H) ^! x6 @* C Y4 K
Reversal robots would turn around and leave the site if they encountered other workers,but would soon return to try again.Lazy robots* K+ e4 {: ?+ l0 i$ e
were largely inactive and would only head to the site to dig occasionly." s, \; A }. G
如果他們遇到了其他工作者的話，翻轉機器人將會回轉并且離開地皮，但是不久會返回再次嘗試。懶惰的機器人大部分不活躍，只會偶爾去挖掘地皮。" ^, l; [6 i2 z& z! {. I; f2 ]
When reversal-minded robots approached the balls and found another robot already at work they would turn around.This proved) ~% m, X8 `% }, w7 F+ P) X
a relatively efficient scheme with no gridlock,but the work processed slowly.The lazy,ant-imitating robots,however,proved to be the
; A! v* v5 ~3 d1 L$ X) }: r- x3 i/ l# Efastest at completing the task.5 T# z+ M$ R, w1 J% X7 t) c
當有翻轉思想的機器人接近球并且發現已經有另一個機器人在工作時，他們將回轉。這種做法被證明是一種沒有堵塞的相當有效的方案,- J+ @9 l: C: X1 I# y/ f$ v
但是工作進程慢。那些懶的，模仿螞蟻的機器人，然而，被證明完成工作是最快的。4 l/ c5 L( I8 U9 K9 N% C5 J, ]3 ?
The strategy could be essential for tommorow's hordes of rescue bots."Future swarm of robots that are moving through a complex' S; \" [- g0 Z) i5 r: ]3 g/ |' D; h
environment after a nuture disaster,or when a building has collapsed,will be getting in each other's way,"Goldman said."This is a story % W v, f- U! o% |( d
about how to work with uncertainly and unpredictability."
3 B8 x* f: }0 Q% `' ~6 b這種策略會對將來的成群的救援機器人有效。“未來在的一群機器人穿越一場自然災害過后的復雜的環境，或者當一棟倒塌后的大樓,將會2 w5 V: F& o3 V6 a; a
互相幫助，”Goldman說。“這是一個關于怎樣處理不確定性和無法預料性的故事。”. q9 K$ O7 H$ m+ d: [/ q
In the story,robots that talk with each other could take turns or replace robots that lose power or wear out."But then you have to know
7 A, ~0 W. {' m' _3 f+ s* @what everyone else is doing,"Goldman said.This woud require the technology and programming for higher levers of communication.(As it
2 R1 f( x$ N" Q( i- Rhappens,no one knows how ant chose which 30 percent does the work.)But having "lazy",autonomous robot,could keep things lean and
) K. s' M6 {$ ^+ i& e3 E1 M5 A+ xefficient.
1 b) Z: l! w L& V! e. @: O) r在這個故事中，機器人可以互相交流能回轉或者替代沒有電或者電力不足的機器人。“但是你必須知道所有其他人在干什么，”Goldman說。
) R& Y) K7 G/ l" n' t這樣就需要技術和編程更高等級的交流。（當它發生的時候,沒人知道螞蟻是怎樣選擇哪30個做這個工作。）但是有了“懶的”，自主性機器人,% m% O1 V9 w0 a
可以保持精益和高效。
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7 P7 K& N9 d7 s2 Z4 H' ]; W
Michael Abrams is an independent writer% e+ X2 e+ n9 g
摘自：https://www.asme.org/engineering ... e-ants-get-job-done
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