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本帖最后由 xz111do 于 2018-11-29 21:24 編輯
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9 `% H J3 h. ~. |Robot programmed to work like ants get job downNovember 2018
" _: Y2 ~7 @1 w. d4 gby Michael Abrams, ASME.org 翻譯成中文，參考谷歌翻譯，修正 # w# T9 J2 B8 ?1 _8 @7 K5 u5 N
可編程機(jī)器人像螞蟻一樣完成工作
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Robots have long borrowed from nature for locomotion.They fly like bees ,run like cheetahs,bounce like galagos.But as they advance and begain to closely work together on certain tasks,robots have to imitate nature's industrious strategies as well,especially if we want them to perform as efficiently as possible.
* u) ]6 |. }7 \* S機(jī)器人長(zhǎng)期從大自然借來運(yùn)動(dòng)。他們像蜜蜂一樣飛，像獵豹一樣跑，像galagos一樣彈跳。但是隨著他們進(jìn)化并在某些任務(wù)中開始更密切的合作的時(shí)候，特別是如果我們想讓他們更高效率工作的時(shí)候，機(jī)器人也必須模仿大自然的勤奮戰(zhàn)略。& q( m& W+ A9 D
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For instance,a swarm of robots expected to quickly dick a tunnel will need to know the ant method for staying out of each other's way.
R) h [$ c: g舉例來說，一群機(jī)器人想要快速挖一個(gè)隧道將需要知道螞蟻的方法是遠(yuǎn)離彼此的路線。
% @$ d1 n2 I) F$ R0 o% F$ Y6 ZDaniel Goldman,a professor of physics who runs the Complex Rheology and Biomechanics Lab(or Grab Lab) at the Georgia insitute of Technology ! Q/ K! q# ]5 X6 Q! \! h
noticed that even though ant tunnels are extremely narrow,they never get choked up with too many workers.2 K+ n% i. g+ {! ^ C6 s
Daniel Goldman,一個(gè)物理學(xué)教授，運(yùn)營(yíng)著在格魯吉亞研究所的復(fù)雜流變學(xué)和生物力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室（或者叫Grab Lab），他觀察到即使隧道極為狹窄，他們也從不與太多工作者擠在一起。
) E% T4 K+ y; R: R' C"We wanted to know what they do when they're digging,how they decide how to dig if there's no central leader,"Goldman said.
/ {! N6 d8 I+ X/ [$ [5 cGoldman說“我們想知道當(dāng)他們?cè)谕诰虻臅r(shí)候做了什么，當(dāng)沒有中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的時(shí)候他們是怎么決定怎樣挖掘的”。
+ U4 }* Y: M- P+ M3 n$ Q$ \; VFor You:Racism Runs Deep,Even Against Robots8 P x" ^$ S2 D# p9 @% s3 b
對(duì)你而言：種族注意深入人心，甚至對(duì)機(jī)器人, C. `! n% o, x. T' ?' Z5 I
To find out,the team get 30 fire ants,put dots of different colors on their abdomens,placed them in a container of wet glass particles,and watched them dig.The team present its results in a recent issue of Science.
4 L; G' v& c) D. p' q9 b為了找出答案，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)捉了30只火蟻， 在他們的腹部畫上不同顏色的點(diǎn)，把它們放在有著濕玻璃顆粒的容器中，觀察他們挖掘。這個(gè)小組它研究結(jié)果刊登在最近的《科學(xué)》的問題中。0 k. l" k9 E: L! k
The ants didn't play tag team,work in alternating groups,or take turns in any other fashion.In fact,their strategy is quite simple:A handful of the ants did the work (about 30 percent)while the majority did nothing.
7 ]; \/ |$ k6 ^螞蟻沒有玩標(biāo)簽團(tuán)隊(duì)，工作在可交替的組中，以任何其他方式輪流。實(shí)際上，它們的策略相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單：少數(shù)螞蟻工作（大約百分之三十）然而多數(shù)螞蟻什么也不做。; |& W3 Z: J, @$ U! `
"Very few were doing any of the labor,"Goldman said."Over 48 hours,with a group of thirty ants,half never came to the tunnel."4 ^ @& p& h0 X8 c2 h' f
“很少的螞蟻?zhàn)鋈魏喂ぷ鳌保珿oldman說“超過48小時(shí)，一個(gè)30只螞蟻的團(tuán)隊(duì)，半數(shù)沒有進(jìn)隧道。”
: M# } v+ v% }When his team remove the five hardest working ants,five more stepped up to the plate to carry on the digging.) l* q* J; n m" l. h+ B# v
當(dāng)他的團(tuán)隊(duì)移走了五個(gè)工作最努力的螞蟻，另外五只螞蟻爬到了平臺(tái)上繼續(xù)挖掘。! |) X, ]9 j2 F$ z3 J
The strategy of minority servitude served the ants so well that Goldman decided to try it on a group of robots.) Q1 j6 k9 w" I# ]) g& s) V
少數(shù)奴役的策略為螞蟻很好的服務(wù)，于是Goldman決定在一組機(jī)器人上嘗試這個(gè)。8 a# K6 u, g( n+ K
The robots,essentially oblong shells on wheels,resembled armadillos more than ants.Researchers placed them in a narrow channel with plastic valls on8 X1 m; z# v. a7 Y/ a. S
one end that served as the soil.The robots would roll over to the balls with the intention of grabbing them,moving them,and relasing them with their
/ G$ m5 c+ V+ W* i g: H, X1 @gator-like jaws.Push switches on their shells would alert them to the presense of their fellow workers.) F8 p9 _& Y, e+ E, a; M
這些機(jī)器人，事實(shí)上是輪子上帶有橢圓形的殼，類似犰狳而非螞蟻。研究者們吧它們放在一個(gè)狹窄的渠道里，渠道的一端是作為土壤的塑料球。機(jī)器人
; Z$ Q" H/ Q: L6 C( }8 |將翻滾到到球上，通過使用鱷魚般的下巴有意的抓取他們，移動(dòng)他們，釋放他們。打開它們殼上的開關(guān)將提醒他們同時(shí)的存在。( I0 y2 p H, A0 c! x
Researchers programmed the bots to follow one of the three strategies for removing the balls:"eager,""reversal,"and"lazy."
/ e* t2 M5 g% F) n5 p2 F研究者們給機(jī)器人編程遵循三個(gè)策略的其中之一去移走球：“急忙，”“翻轉(zhuǎn)，”和“懶惰。”
0 h* d+ d9 P' Z3 H: _Eager robots simply tried go to the dig site as much as possible without interference from their comrades,regardless of how many . s/ Q) J! j& w8 N+ Y) z) q/ h
robots were already there.The strategy generated a traffic jams."when we applied a eager strategy,the robots would grind against
8 z. }7 Z# V" ^# a) J0 [each other and suffer a lot of breakage,"Goldman said.
! q8 k4 K: }- G6 a急忙的機(jī)器人不管來自同伴的干擾而只是嘗試去盡可能的挖掘地皮，不管已經(jīng)有多少機(jī)器人在那兒了。這個(gè)策略形成了一次交通擁堵。& |# i* `0 T+ [( z' n/ y. @* s$ c5 T
Goldman說："當(dāng)我們應(yīng)用急忙策略時(shí)，機(jī)器人會(huì)相互反制并且受到了很多破壞。"
: v4 q! Y! @; A' b0 C( v. C# iReversal robots would turn around and leave the site if they encountered other workers,but would soon return to try again.Lazy robots* o. T6 @/ [& R
were largely inactive and would only head to the site to dig occasionly.0 ~& f3 R& `! @" \! e( ~
如果他們遇到了其他工作者的話，翻轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器人將會(huì)回轉(zhuǎn)并且離開地皮，但是不久會(huì)返回再次嘗試。懶惰的機(jī)器人大部分不活躍，只會(huì)偶爾去挖掘地皮。+ \9 U7 m, l9 }
When reversal-minded robots approached the balls and found another robot already at work they would turn around.This proved
8 s5 i7 m0 i2 R& s2 l+ B, xa relatively efficient scheme with no gridlock,but the work processed slowly.The lazy,ant-imitating robots,however,proved to be the $ ]2 a4 J ]8 H/ ^5 j
fastest at completing the task.
! k, y+ J x4 s4 Z當(dāng)有翻轉(zhuǎn)思想的機(jī)器人接近球并且發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有另一個(gè)機(jī)器人在工作時(shí)，他們將回轉(zhuǎn)。這種做法被證明是一種沒有堵塞的相當(dāng)有效的方案,
" M8 K4 Q2 K9 L+ t& O6 S7 y但是工作進(jìn)程慢。那些懶的，模仿螞蟻的機(jī)器人，然而，被證明完成工作是最快的。* J5 ^0 d4 A' H
The strategy could be essential for tommorow's hordes of rescue bots."Future swarm of robots that are moving through a complex% f* R8 L2 v/ Y2 U/ x% a
environment after a nuture disaster,or when a building has collapsed,will be getting in each other's way,"Goldman said."This is a story
7 v/ x# d$ k( R1 ^3 J. [( labout how to work with uncertainly and unpredictability."
' F1 q; H1 B( m( k, p7 H+ T8 l這種策略會(huì)對(duì)將來的成群的救援機(jī)器人有效。“未來在的一群機(jī)器人穿越一場(chǎng)自然災(zāi)害過后的復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，或者當(dāng)一棟倒塌后的大樓,將會(huì)' H) x# J+ B! c8 U/ V: I: B0 J
互相幫助，”Goldman說。“這是一個(gè)關(guān)于怎樣處理不確定性和無法預(yù)料性的故事。”% f2 s$ N) I Z$ ~- j; y$ d8 W
In the story,robots that talk with each other could take turns or replace robots that lose power or wear out."But then you have to know
, ~" ~+ A5 s; {4 x# y# X- W- gwhat everyone else is doing,"Goldman said.This woud require the technology and programming for higher levers of communication.(As it
: n0 P6 d3 x# K! K* Mhappens,no one knows how ant chose which 30 percent does the work.)But having "lazy",autonomous robot,could keep things lean and
" h( i0 l$ {" N) T* Fefficient.
* j% p, g T( B" V' x) m h在這個(gè)故事中，機(jī)器人可以互相交流能回轉(zhuǎn)或者替代沒有電或者電力不足的機(jī)器人。“但是你必須知道所有其他人在干什么，”Goldman說。+ L# I$ `6 `# t9 }8 b
這樣就需要技術(shù)和編程更高等級(jí)的交流。（當(dāng)它發(fā)生的時(shí)候,沒人知道螞蟻是怎樣選擇哪30個(gè)做這個(gè)工作。）但是有了“懶的”，自主性機(jī)器人,
' S7 ~! M" y( x. I( U! M b) O可以保持精益和高效。7 Y1 S, K$ n' C3 E& w0 i
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8 S, C$ h6 J* V! M) _7 E" u0 s/ uMichael Abrams is an independent writer: `6 {4 F; _8 Y3 V: E
摘自：https://www.asme.org/engineering ... e-ants-get-job-done1 h+ J+ F# o% d2 \9 y
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